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Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards
Airborne Particles: What is the appropriate measurement
on which to base a standard ?
A Discusson Document

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Contents

Terms of Reference
Membership of the Panel
Acknowledgements

Introduction

References

Size Distribution and Chemical Nature of Airborne Particles

Summary
Particle Sizes
Chemical Composition
References

Methods of Measurement of Airborne Particles

Summary
References

Personal Exposure to Particles

Summary
Introduction
Sources of Personal Exposure to Particles
Measuring Personal Exposure
Exposure to Airborne Particles in Different Research Studies
Comparison of Personal Exposure with Fixed Location Monitoring Data
Information of the Chemical Composition of Personal Exposures
Modelling Personal Exposures
Conclusions
References

Review of Possible Mechanisms of Toxicity

Summary
The Fate of Inhaled Particles
The Toxic Effects of Inhaled Particles
The Relevance of Particle Size and Mass to Toxicity
Mechanisms of Toxicity of Particles to the Lung
Particles and the Cardiovascular System
Particles and the Long-Term Health Effects
Conclusions
References

Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects of Particles

Summary
Introduction
Short-Term Health Effects: Epidemiological Evidence from Time-Series Studies

Ecological Time Series Studies of PM2.5

Mortality
Hospital Admissions
Black Smoke and PM10

Panel Studies

Long-Term Health Effects: Epidemiological Evidence from Cross- Sectional and Longitudinal Studies

Cross-Sectional Studies
Longitudinal Studies

General Conclusions
References

Recommendations for Further Research
Conclusions
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
Appendix 1: PM2.5 and Daily Mortality and Hospital Admissions in the West Midlands Conurbation.

Introduction
Methods
Results

Daily Mortality
Hospital Admissions
Particle Characteristics

Comment
Conclusions
References

Appendix 2: Respondents to the Draft Airborne Particles Report for Comment

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Published 17 May 2001
Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards
Air and Envirnonmental Quality
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