The First Battle of Cassino (12 January - 9 February 1944)

In January 1944 it was hoped that the German defences of the Gustav Line could be rushed by mounting a coordinated attack by the US Fifth Army and an amphibious operation by VI US Corps at Anzio on the coast south of Rome. Operation SHINGLE, as the Anzio landing was called, was aimed at cutting the German lines of communication south of Rome. At the same time the II US Corps with British and French support was expected to break through the Gustav Line. It did not work and the Allied forces within the Anzio beachhead found themselves isolated and under constant counterattack. This added pressure on the forces attacking the Gustav Line to come to their aid. As one British military historian concluded, 'In the event the roles of Anzio and Cassino were reversed. On the Allied side Cassino became the rescuer of Anzio instead of Anzio helping to create conditions for a breakthrough at Cassino.' Instead of a quick breakthrough, the battle for Cassino developed into a long war of attrition.

As the US Fifth Army mounted the attack on Anzio with its VI US Corps, the II US Corps, X British Corps and the French Expeditionary Force, under General Alphonse Juin, attacked the Gustav Line. Monte Cassino was to be bypassed by the French and British, who would attack on either flank followed by a decisive thrust by the Americans up the Liri Valley along Route 6.

In atrocious weather the French crossed the Rapido and advanced through the mountains north of Cassino. It was bitter, bloody fighting with the Moroccan and Algerian soldiers (French Expeditionary Corps) fighting hand to hand against the Germans of 5th Mountain Division. It came close to breaking the German line but failed because there were simply not enough men left to continue the attack, and no further reserves were available. Frostbite and trench foot caused by the wet and cold added to the casualties among the North African soldiers who fought in the ice and snow with one blanket each and no winter equipment.

At the same time on the coastal flank British X Corps assaulted across the Garigliano River. Despite a successful river crossing the attacks slowed to a halt. The Axis troops had cleverly dug-in machine-gun posts protected by antipersonnel minefields and concrete bunkers occupied by soldiers who were prepared to counterattack at every opportunity. The war diary of 10th Royal Berkshire records the difficult conditions under which the attacking British infantry laboured.

'It took a laden man 41/2 hours to climb to the Battalion area. All water, ammunition and rations had to be carried by hand, as the route was impassable to mules.'

British Infantry crossing the Garigliano River, 19 Jan 1944

It was no easier for II US Corps in its attempt to force a way up the Liri Valley. The Germans had turned the river flats into killing grounds strung with barbed wire and laced with minefields. Over these, machine guns raked the attackers from cleverly concealed pillboxes and bunkers dug into the cellars of the stone houses. The 36th US (Texas) Division was cut to pieces as it attempted to cross the flooded Rapido or 'Bloody River' as they called it on 20-22 January. An American infantry officer reported on the fate of his rifle company after the failed attack.

'I had 184 men... 48 hours later I had 17. If that's not mass murder, I don't know what is.'

The 36th US Division lost some 2000 casualties and by the end of the battle it was effectively down to one-third of its fighting strength. The 34th US Division now attacked across the Rapido and tried to capture Cassino from the north. After grim fighting they pushed to within 1000 yards of the monastery but were stopped by the network of German machine-gun posts. It was the same in the fighting for the town itself where every building had been turned into a strongpoint. The Americans fought their way forward with heavy losses over steep broken ground where any movement or attempt to get supplies and ammunition forward was seen and fired on by the German defenders. Both sides fought to the point of exhaustion. The German defence was carried out by 90th Panzer Grenadier Division, which had fought against Montgomery's Eighth Army in North Africa. It was reinforced by the paratroopers of Major-General Heidrich's 1st Parachute Division, reputedly the 'best Division in the German Army'.

The II US Corps fought themselves to a standstill. Success had been tantalisingly close, but the winter and the steep, mountainous country tipped the balance in favour of the German defenders. The realities of the American effort were evident to the soldiers of the New Zealand Division as they came in to relieve the Americans.

We came across a pocket-book lying among the rocks, stained notes for a few lire spilling out of it and snapshots of girls and family groups; one taken at Yellowstone Park. Noticing the now familiar smell of rottenness, we looked up to see the late owner of the pocket-book not three yards from us, a Yank, and not much left of him'... He was a rarity in this country, a corpse with his boots still on, but they were in such a condition that even the poorest of unshod Italian peasants might have felt a bit squeamish about taking them.

The Second Battle of Cassino (15-18 February 1944)  »